Tanzania's coral reefs, spanning approximately 3,500 km2, are among the most biodiverse and economically vital ecosystems in the Western Indian Ocean. These reefs support over 30% of the coastal population through fisheries, tourism, and coastal protection, contributing an estimated $525 million annually to the national economy. However, rampant illegal and destructive fishing practices including blast fishing (20.8% prevalence), cyanide use (7.2%), small-mesh nets (14.6%), and coral mining have triggered a 30-50% decline in coral cover and a 40% reduction in fish biomass over the past decade (MPRU 2025). 

The consequences extend far beyond ecological degradation. Unsustainable fishing methods sacrifice long-term economic resilience for short-term gains, eroding the very resources that coastal communities depend on. For example, blast fishing alone costs Tanzania an estimated $1.07 billion annually in lost fisheries productivity and habitat destruction. In comparison, reef-related tourism loses $150 million per year due to damage to the ecosystem. Without urgent intervention, these practices pose a significant threat to food security, livelihoods, and Tanzania's ability to adapt to climate change (MPRU 2025).